二十国就全球共同应对危机达成共识 World Leaders Agree on Global Response

参加G20伦敦峰会的各国领导人


二十国集团(G20)领导人周四宣布了一系列他们认为有助于提振全球经济的措施，但他们未能对许多最棘手的问题作出决定，或者说将这些决定转给了尚不习惯承担这一职责的国际机构去作。

面对这场几十年来最严重、且在他们眼中仍未触底的经济危机，二十国领导人在结束伦敦峰会时将目光转向了国际货币基金组织(IMF)。他们计划由IMF对各种日益迫近的问题发出警示，并评估二十国是否遵守了他们在加强监管和纾困财政刺激措施方面的承诺。

这些任务超出了IMF传统的职责范围，并且可能需要该机构在与其最大成员国打交道时表现得更硬 。二十国领导人承诺将IMF的资金规模增加三倍，达到1万亿美元。

二十国还决定采取行动制裁避税天堂，加强金融监管，将大型对冲基金和金融机构纳入一个全球监管网。二十国想让对冲基金在本国监管部门登记，披露资金借入情况，并希望确保监管的有效性，即使是对跨境经营基金的监管。

这些措施或许能缓解经济危机带来的某些冲击。但许多声明都是原则性的，尚缺乏具体内容，某些细节将有待定于今年晚些时候召开的下届二十国峰会来确定。

上任以来首次出席高级别国际会议的奥巴马总统说，“我们的问题不会在一次会议上得到解决；也不会在两次会议上解决”。

对于许多人认为是本次危机根源所在的问题──比如遭到破坏的银行体系，二十国在会议结束后发表的公报上没有具体涉及。英国首相布朗(Gordon Brown)曾表示，二十国制定出了处理银行业有毒资产的方法。但在会议公报中，领导人们虽然表示将“果断解决”受损资产的问题，但未具体说明如何解决。


Peter Macdiarmid/Getty Images这次会议本来有可能实现更大幅度的进展，但会议主要参与方数周来的分歧扼杀了这样的机会。美、英两国呼吁为启动经济采取更多财政刺激措施，而欧洲国家特别是法国和德国则希望对全球金融体系加强监管。

会议没能像美国希望的那样在具体刺激目标上作出承诺，只是含糊地表示，要持续采取恢复经济增长所必要的各种财政措施，并说全球各种财政刺激措施的总额最终可能高达5万亿美元，

不过，到周四晚间，奥巴马、布朗以及法国总统萨科齐(Nicolas Sarkozy)、德国总理默克尔(Angela Merkel)这两班人马还是向世人描绘了一幅取得进展的图画，并弥合了他们之间的分歧。

布朗说，今天，世界各国齐心协力，一起应付世界经济衰退。我们不只是空谈，而是为全球的复苏和改革拟定了计划和明确的时间表。

其他国际机构获得了执行职责。预计金融服务委员会将获得更大的权力，协调许多国家监管机构的危机应对小组。金融服务委员会是在位于瑞士的国际监管组织金融稳定论坛的基础上扩建的。世界贸易组织则被要求审查G20成员国是否违反了抵制贸易保护主义的承诺。

各国领导人在周四的公报中说，新的金融服务委员会将与国际货币基金组织(IMF)一道对经济和金融风险发出“早期预警”。

金融稳定论坛负责人德拉吉(Mario Draghi)说，这个组织的任务更重了。德拉吉是意大利央行行长，曾在高盛集团(Goldman Sachs Group Inc.)工作。

现在还不清楚，国际组织是否有实力或意愿执行更强硬的规定。例如，美国和美国财政部官员说，国际货币基金组织2008年春时曾敦促美国重视其有毒资产计划，并向美国财政部递交了一份详细的执行计划。但美国忽视了这份计划。

20国领导人直到最后一刻也存在分歧。据白宫官员说，在得到其他国家官员支持的一项内容中，奥巴马在消除最后一个障碍促成协议达成方面起到了至关重要的作用，即公布避税天堂的名单。

萨科齐坚持认为，20国集团应批准公布没有遵守该组织透明度规定的避税天堂的名单。这个名单应由经济合作与发展组织确定。中国国家主席胡锦涛对此表示反对，他尤其质疑经合组织的作用。中国不是经合组织的成员国。

奥巴马政府一位高级官员说，有关这个问题的拉锯战从周四上午一直持续到了下午。反对方三次提到了这个问题。

最后，奥巴马将萨科齐叫到了一边，建议采用折中的表述。20国集团将不会自定一个黑名单，而是在公报中列举经合组织自行研究发布的名单。萨科齐对此表示同意。

奥巴马然后派助手弗洛曼(Michael Froman)到中国代表团。弗洛曼建议奥巴马和胡锦涛直接进行对话，中国接受了这个倡议。奥巴马与胡锦涛秘密商议，然后又请求萨科齐带着翻译和助手举行了会谈。白宫官员说，三国领导人握手言欢，同意了奥巴马的措辞，这个问题在15至20分钟内得到解决。

Leaders of the Group of 20 nations on Thursday announced a host of measures they said should help lift the global economy -- but deferred many of the trickiest decisions or forwarded them to international institutions unaccustomed to the responsibility.

Facing the worst economic crisis in decades -- and one they say hasn't hit bottom -- the leaders concluded a summit by turning especially to the International Monetary Fund to warn of impending problems and assess whether G-20 countries are keeping their promises on regulation and fiscal stimulus to ease the impact of the recession.

Those are tasks beyond the IMF's traditional role, and may require the fund to show more spine in dealing with its largest members than it has managed in the past. The leaders agreed to quadruple the financial capacity of the IMF with a $1 trillion commitment.

The G-20 also worked to clamp down on tax havens and to tighten financial regulations, bringing large hedge funds and financial institutions into the global regulatory net. The G-20 wants to register hedge funds with domestic regulators, disclose how much they have borrowed and to make sure there is effective oversight, even if the fund operates across borders.

The measures may ease some pain from the economic crisis. But many declarations were of principles that have to be followed up -- some at another G-20 meeting set for later this year.

'Our problems are not going to be solved in one meeting; they are not going to be solved in two meetings,' said President Barack Obama, at his first high-level international meeting.

A communique issued by the group at the end of the meeting didn't specifically tackle the problems that many say are at the root of today's crisis, such as the broken banking systems. U.K. Prime Minister Gordon Brown said the G-20 had figured out a way to deal with toxic bank assets. Yet in the communique, the leaders said they would 'address decisively' the problem of impaired assets, but didn't spell out how.

The chance for more sweeping progress here was sidelined by weeks of differences among key players. Calls by the U.S. and the U.K. for more financial stimulus to restart economies collided with European calls -- primarily from France and Germany -- for stricter regulation of the global financial system.

The group made no commitment to a specific stimulus target that the U.S. supported. Instead, the leaders made a vague commitment to 'deliver the scale of sustained fiscal effort necessary to restore growth' and said the world was in the middle of a giant monetary and fiscal stimulus valued at $5 trillion.

Nonetheless, by Thursday night, the erstwhile factions -- Messrs. Obama and Brown as well as French President Nicolas Sarkozy and German Chancellor Angela Merkel -- painted a picture of progress and bridged their differences.

'This is the day that the world came together, to fight back against the global recession. Not with words but a plan for global recovery and for reform and with a clear timetable,' Mr. Brown said.

Other international institutions were assigned enforcement duties. The Financial Services Board -- an expanded version of the Swiss-based Financial Stability Forum, a group of international regulators -- is expected to gain more clout as it tries to coordinate crisis-response SWAT teams of regulators from many countries. The World Trade Organization is being asked to review whether G-20 members break pledges to refrain from protectionism.

In the communiqu嗷 on Thursday, the leaders said the new Financial Services Board would work with the IMF to signal 'early warnings' of economic and financial risks.

'There has been a strengthening of the mandate' of the group, said Mario Draghi, the FSF head and a former Goldman Sachs Group Inc. banker who is governor of the Bank of Italy.

It's far from clear that the international organizations have the muscle -- or will -- to carry out the tougher mandates. For instance, the IMF in the spring of 2008 urged the U.S. to take care of its toxic-asset program and handed the U.S. Treasury a detailed plan for doing so, said U.S. and Treasury officials. The U.S. ignored the plan.

Disagreements among the G-20 leaders continued until the last minute. According to White House officials, in an account supported by officials from other countries, Mr. Obama was crucial in sealing the deal on the last remaining stumbling block: publishing tax-haven names.

Mr. Sarkozy insisted that the G-20 strongly endorse a list of tax havens that aren't in compliance with the organization's rules on transparency, and that the list be drawn up by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Chinese President Hu Jintao objected, especially to the role of the OECD. China isn't an OECD member.

The back-and-forth on the matter began Thursday morning and stretched into the afternoon, a senior Obama administration official said. The opposing sides returned to it three times.

Finally, Mr. Obama took Mr. Sarkozy aside and suggested compromise language. The G-20 wouldn't order up a blacklist. Instead, its communiqu嗷 would cite a list the OECD had published, on its own, under its own initiative. Mr. Sarkozy agreed.

Mr. Obama then sent an aide, Michael Froman, to the Chinese delegation. Mr. Froman suggested a direct conversation between Messrs. Obama and Hu, which the Chinese accepted. Mr. Obama huddled with Mr. Hu, then called Mr. Sarkozy into the conference with their translators and aides. The three leaders shook hands, agreed to the Obama language, and the issue was resolved in 15 to 20 minutes, the White House official said.